1
Fick’s
law of diffusion is dependent on all EXCEPT:
a) thickness
of membrane barrier
b) the
solubility of the gas
c) the
molecular weight of the gas
d) the
posture of the subject
e) the
area of the membrane
2
The
Law of La Place predicts the following EXCEPT:
a) increased
myocardial work in dilated cardiomyopathy
b) the
protection of capillaries against rupture
c) the
relationship between transmural tension and wall tension
d) the
pattern of intravesical pressure / volume curve
e) the
failure of alveoli to collapse in expiration
3 In
the kidney:
a) Glucose
is removed from the urine by secondary active transport
b) 100%
glucose is absorbed in the distal tubule
c) the
calculated renal threshold for glucose is lower than its actual value
d) phlorizin
enhances glucose binding to the sodium-glucose symport
e) levo
isoform of glucose is more efficiently transported by the sodium-glucose
symport
4 With
regards to the normal alveolus:
a) surfactant
is produced by type I pneumocytes
b) alveolar
size has little effect on surface tension
c) surfactant
is composed of hydrophilic molecules
d) large
alveoli have a tendency to collapse into smaller ones
e) surrounding
tissues exert a force preventing alveolar collapse
5 Increased
baroreceptor discharge acts via the medulla to:
a) increase
heart rate
b) increase
stroke volume
c) increase
vessel diameter
d) increase
blood pressure
e) increase
renin secretion
6 Amino
acids are derived from:
a) creatinine
b) neurotransmitters
c) deamination
d) ammonia
e) transamination
7
In
the coronary circulation:
a) blood
flow is maximal during systole
b) 45-50%
of o2 is extracted
c) lactate
is a vasodilator
d) b-adrenergic
receptors mediate vasoconstriction
e) the
ostia of coronary arteries are shut during systole
8
On
climbing Everest:
a) erythropoietin
secretion rises after 2-3 days
b) nifedipine
alleviates the symptoms of mountain sickness
c) alveolar
PCO2 levels rise
d) PCO2
levels fall because of decreased oxygen content of the air
e) Initially
the O2Hb dissociation shifts to the left
9 A
b
nerve fibres:
a) conduct
touch and pressure impulses
b) are
unmyelinated
c) have
the largest diameter of all nerves
d) have
a slow conduction velocity
e) conduct
preganglionic impulses
10 All of the following ascending sensory
pathways are located in the dorsal column EXCEPT:
a) pain
b) touch
c) pressure
d) vibration
e) proprioception
11 Erythropoietin:
a) acts
to increase erythrocytes by cell division
b) is
principally inactivated by the spleen
c) causes
increase in erythrocytes in 24 hours
d) is
produced by adrenal gland
e) production
is inhibited by theophylline
12 Concerning the visual pathway:
a) macular sparing occurs due to the arrangement
of fibres in the optic tract
b) Brodmann’s area is located in the temporal
lobe
c) the optic tracts end in the medial geniculate
body
d) the optic disc lies 3mm medial to and slightly
above the posterior pole of the globe
e) the pituitary tumour often causes a homonymous
hemianopia
13 During
exercise:
a)
regional blood flow to the skin remains
unchanged
b)
diastolic pressures tend to rise more than
systolic pressure
c)
O2 consumption of skeletal muscle
usually triples
d)
blood flow to the brain increases
e)
cardiac output increases 50-fold
14 Regarding
body fluids:
a) blood
plasma is 15% of body weight
b) intracellular
fluid is 20% of body weight
c) extracellular
fluid volume is about 7L in a 70kg man
d) interstitial
fluid volume is 10.5L in a 70 kg man
e) extracellular
fluid is 40% of body weight
15 Regarding CO2 transport in blood:
a)
50% is in the dissolved form
b)
the Haldane effect is the fact that oxygenation
of the blood increases its ability to carry CO2
c)
ionic dissociation of carbonic acid requires the
presence of carbonic acid requires the presence of carbonic anhydrase to be a
fast process.
d)
an increase in PCO2 in blood shifts
the oxygen dissociation curve to the left
e)
approximately 30% of the venous-arterial
difference is attributable to carbamino compounds
16 Regarding movement across cell membranes:
a)
exocytosis requires Na+ and energy
b)
insulin reuptake is by receptor-mediated
endocytosis
c)
thyroid hormones reduce Na+K+ATPase
pump activity
d)
acute transport of Na+ is rarely
coupled with other substances
e)
Na+K+ATPase has a 1:1
coupling ratio
17 Within the sympathetic nervous system:
a)
sweat glands are supplied by B2 adrenergic receptors
b)
activation promotes gluconeogenesis
c)
bronchial glandular secretion is inhibited by B2
adrenergic receptor stimulation
d)
at the post ganglionic neuron, dopamine is
responsible for the slow excitory post synaptic potential
e)
the preganglionic neurons leave the spinal cord
in the ventral roots of the thoracolumbar spine
18 In the visual pathway:
a)
axons of the ganglion cells pass in the optic
nerve and optic tract and end in the medial geniculate body of the thalamus
b)
fibres of each temporal hemiretina decussate in
the optic chiasm
c)
the primary visual receiving area is Brodmann’s
area 17
d)
the fovea contains no cones
e)
80% of input to the geniculate nucleus comes
from the retina; the other input is from brain regions involved in feedback
regulation
19 Fluid movement across the capillary wall is
mediated mainly by:
a)
diffusion
b)
filtration
c)
endocytosis
d)
exocytosis
e)
ion channels
20
Regarding
conduction in the heart:
a)
stimulation of right vagus inhibits the AV node
b)
the rate of discharge of the SAN is independent
of temperature
c)
depolarisation of ventricular muscle starts on
the right
d)
the speed of conduction is fastest in
ventricular muscle
e)
the SA node and AV node exhibit the same speed
of conduction
21 In
calcium metabolism:
a)
gastrin, glucagon and secretin inhibit
calcitonin secretion
b)
human calcitonin has a half life of 30 minutes
c)
calcitonin increases bone resorption
d)
PTH increases phosphate excretion in the urine
e)
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol decreases calcium
absorption from the intestine
22 In
the cardiac action potential:
a)
the resting membrane potential is -70mV
b)
the initial depolarisation is due to Ca2+
influx
c)
the plateau is due to IKI current
d)
the initial rapid repolarisation is due to Na+
channel closure
e)
CAMP decreases the active transport of Ca2+
to the sarcoplasmic reticulum thus accelerating relaxation and shortening the
systolic
23 When a skeletal muscle contracts:
a)
calcium is released and this initiates
contraction by binding Troponin T
b)
there is always a decrease in the length of the
muscle
c)
it does so at a mechanical efficiency of 80%
d)
if it is an isotonic contraction, work is done
e)
the initiating event is acetylcholine binding to
a G-protein linked receptor
24 The resting membrane potential:
a)
is +70mV
in mammalian cardiac cells
b)
is
responsible for only a small part of the energy requirement of a nerve
c)
is increased with increased external Na+ concentration
d)
implies that the inside of the cell is positive
relative to the outside of the cell at rest
e)
is decreased by increasing the external K+ concentration
25 The
alveolar gas equation:
a) is
also known as Bohr’s equation
b) can
be used to calculate anatomical dead space
c) is
influenced by diet
d) is
independent of PiO2
e) requires
sampling of gas to determine PACO2
26 Regarding renal tubular function:
a) the
clearance is less than the GFR if there is tubular secretion
b) the
active transport of Na+
occurs in all portions of the tubule
c) proximal
tubular reabsorbate is slightly hypotonic
d) water
can leak across tight junctions back into the tubule lumen
e) 30%
of the filtered water enters the distal tubule
27 Smooth muscle contractions:
a) are
dependent on an intact nerve supply
b) are
a result of Ca2+ influx into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c) are
smooth, discrete and fine in multi-unit smooth muscle
d) are
dependent on troponin
e) are
exaggerated in vitro when bathed in acelylcholine
28 Under physiological conditions most of
circulating T4 is bound to:
a)
thyroxine binding prealbumin
b)
tramothynetim
c)
thyroxine-binding-globulin
d)
a2
globulin
e)
iodothyronine
29 Deficiency of b oxidation of fatty acids causes:
a)
pulmonary hypersecretion
b)
cardiomyopathy
c)
cirrhosis
d)
glomerulonephritis
e)
asthma
30 Regarding ventilation during exercise:
a)
pulmonary blood flow is increased from 5.5l/min
to 55 l/min
b)
abrupt increase in ventilation at onset of
exercise is due to increased respiratory rate
c)
increases in ventilation are proportionate to
increase CO2 production
d)
CO2 excretion increases from
200ml/min to up to 8000ml/min
e)
there is a fall in blood pH during moderate
exercise
31 Regarding reflexes:
a) the
reaction time for knee jerk is 0.1sec
b) Jendrassik’s
manoeuvre enhances knee jerk reflex
c) spindles
are located in muscle tendons
d) afferent
neurons carry the impulse to the muscle
e) muscle
spindle fibres are innervated by Ib type nerve
32 Temperature regulation:
a)
is integrated by cortical pathways
b)
systems result in hypothermia when the anterior
hypothalmus is stimulated
c)
is mediated by endogenous pyrogens produced by
monocytes, macrophages and Kupfter cells
d)
is deranged due to a mutation in the ryanodine
receptor resulting in excess sodium released in malignant hyperthermia
e)
results in maintenance of a constant body
temperature over 24 hours
33 A decrease in the length of ventricular
cardiac muscle fibres can be brought
about by:
a)
stronger atrial contraction
b)
increase in total blood volume
c)
increase venous tone
d)
standing
e)
increase in negative intrathoracic pressure
34 Resting blood flow to:
a)
the liver equals 10% of cardiac output
b)
the heart equals 5% of cardiac output
c)
the brain equals 30% of cardiac output
d)
the skin equals 20% of cardiac output
e)
the skeletal muscle equals 40% of cardiac output
35 Regarding the renal handling of
sodium:
a)
80% of the total filtered load of sodium is
reabsorbed
b)
sodium is actively transported out of all parts
of the renal tubule except the thin portion of the loop of Henle
c)
only a minority of sodium is actively
transported via the lateral
intercellular spaces
d)
sodium transport is coupled to the movement of
hydrogen and glucose but not to amino acids and phosphates
e)
the sodium / hydrogen exchanges in the proximal
tubule extrudes one sodium for every hydrogen reabsorbed
36 Oxygen transport:
a)
the oxygen dissociation curve shifts left with a
fall in pH
b)
more oxygen is supplied to tissues by a fall in
2,3 DPG levels
c)
2,3, DPG levels are increased by ascent to 7,000
metres
d)
2,3 DPG levels in stored blood increase
e)
oxygen dissociation curve shifts right with a
drop in temperature
37 Regarding the cardiac cycle:
a)
stroke volume is normally approximately 50ml
b)
contraction of the left atrium precedes the
right atrium
c)
the c wave of the jugular venous pressure
corresponds to movement of the closed tricuspid valve.
d)
Left ventricular pressure immediately falls
after opening of the aortic valve
e)
At rapid heart rates, systole shortens more than
diastole
38 The following a true regarding lung volumes
and compliance EXCEPT:
a) compliance
decreases in obstructive lung disease
b) FEVl
/ FVC ratio increase in obstructive lung disease
c) Functional
residual capacity is the sum of ERV and RV
d) The
change in lung volume per unit change in airway pressure is the compliance of
the lung
e) Vital
capacity is the largest amount of air that can be expired after a maximal
inspiratory effort
39 Regarding
synaptic transmission:
a)
opening of sodium channels excites the post
synaptic neuron
b)
voltage gated sodium channels on the presynaptic
neuron determine the quantity of neurotransmitter released
c)
neuropeptides are responsible for acute
responses of the nervous system
d)
small molecule type transmitters do not
stimulate the receptor activated enzymes
e)
cholinesterase is responsible for synthesis of
acetylcholine.
40 The
juxtaglomacular apparatus:
a) contains
macular densa cells in afferent and efferent arterioles
b) contain
juxtaglomerular cells in afferent and
arterioles only
c) responds
to a fall in arterial pressure by increasing renin secretion
d) responds
to an increase in sodium concentration by increasing GFR
e) releases
renin which is activated by angiotensin
I
41 With
regards to ventilation:
a) the
autonomic control centre is located in the midbrain
b) brainstem
respiratory neurons only discharge during inspiration
c) arterial
PAO2 must be below 80mmHg to produce increased discharge
from peripheral chemoreceptor
d) medullary
chemoreceptors monitor O2 concentration in the CSF
e) in
metabolic alkalosis ventilation is depressed
42 In
metabolic alkalosis:
a) a
common cause is ingestion of aspirin
b) respiratory
compensation can fully restore pH to normal
c) base
excess is positive
d) treatment
with NaHCO3 restores pH to normal
e) there
is more renal excretion of H+ ions
43 Compensatory
mechanisms in metabolic acidosis includes:
a)
a fall in pH
b)
decreased CO2 formation
c)
decreased minute volume
d)
an alkaline urine
e)
reduction in the PCO2 of alveolar gas
44 With
respect to blood pressure control:
a) the
stress relaxation mechanism is one of the immediate responses
b) angiotensin
acts by increasing venous tone
c) baroreceptors
are activated over the course of hours
d) the
rennin angiotensin is vital in controlling the effect of excess Na+
intake
e) renal
responses precede capillary fluid shifts
45 Gastric
emptying occurs:
a) via
sympathetic mediation
b) when
pressure increases in the body of the stomach
c) due
to stomach contractions lasting up to 30 seconds
d) with
no regurgitation of contents from the duodenum
e) with
the passage of mixed solid and liquid gastric contents into the duodenum
46 All of the following increase blood sugar
level EXCEPT:
a) T4
b) cortisol
c) growth
hormone
d) somatostatin
e) lutenising
hormonethe
rennin angiotensin is vital in controlling the effect of excess Na+
intake
e) renal
responses precede capillary fluid shifts
45 Gastric
emptying occurs:
a) via
sympathetic mediation
b) when
pressure increases in the body of the stomach
c) due
to stomach contractions lasting up to 30 seconds
d) with
no regurgitation of contents from the duodenum
e) with
the passage of mixed solid and liquid gastric contents into the duodenum
46 All of the following increase blood sugar
level EXCEPT:
a) T4
b) cortisol
c) growth
hormone
d) somatostatin
e) lutenising
hormone
Answers for the :
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